Would you believe, you use a smoke tester...this is basically a bike pump that draws combustion gases through a filter paper, and the carbon particles are left visible...you then compare them on a scale to see how much soot is being produced.
However, its not as simple as that...the pump pressure must be set, the flue must be clean and only then should a full gas analysis be done. The carbon dioxide level should be around 11% as an average.
John
December 2009